| 1791 |
|
In his Report on Manufactures,
Alexander Hamilton argues for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry
as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic. |
| 1864 |
|
George Perkins Marsh, father of American environmentalism,
publishes Man and Nature. This seminal book explores the destructive impact
of human action on the natural environment and inspires future conservation
movements. |
| 1878 |
|
John
Wesley Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United
States is published. Includes a proposed regional plan that would both
foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources. |
| 1879 |
|
Progress and Poverty published.
In this influential book Henry George presents an argument for diminishing
extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax (on land)
that would capture the "unearned increment" of national development
for public uses. |
| 1890 |
|
How the Other Half Lives,
by Jacob Riis, is published; a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood
reform. |
| 1898 |
|
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to
Real Reform, by Ebenezer
Howard, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued in 1902 as Garden
Cities of Tomorrow. |
| 1903 |
|
Principles of City Land Values, a
seminal work by Richard M. Hurd, propounds the primacy of economic factors
(accessibility, rent, "highest and best use") as determinants
of urban land use and structure. |
| 1911 |
|
Frederick Winslow Taylor publishes
The Principles of Scientific Management, fountainhead of the efficiency
movements in this country including efficiency in city government. |
| 1912 |
|
Walter D. Moody's "Wacker's
Manual of the Plan of Chicago" is adopted as an eigth-grade textbook
on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal
instruction in city planning below the college level. |
| 1914 |
|
Flavel Shurtleff writes Carrying
Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning. |
| 1915 |
|
Patrick
Geddes, "Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis
Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution. |
| 1916 |
|
Nelson P. Lewis published Planning
of the Modern City. |
| 1925 |
|
Publication of "Regional Plan"
issue of Survey Graphic, influential essays on regional planning
by Lewis
Mumford and other members of the Regional Planning Association of America
(e.g., Catherine
Bauer). |
| 1925 |
|
Ernest Burgess' "Concentric
Zone" model of urban structure and land use is published. |
| 1925 |
|
In April, The American City Planning
Institute and The National Conference on City Planning publish Vol. 1, No.
1 of City Planning, ancestor of present-day Journal of the American
Planning Association. |
| 1928 |
|
Benton MacKaye, known as Father of the Appalachian
Trail, publishes The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning. |
| 1928 |
|
Robert Murray Haig's monograph "Major
Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement" is published
in Volume I of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs.
Viewed land use as a function of accessibility. |
| 1929 |
|
Clarence
Perry's monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume VII
of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. |
| 1931 |
|
Building the City, the last and summary
volume of the multi-volume Regional Plan of New York, is published and
gives rise in the pages of The New Republic (June-July 1932) to
a famous argument between Thomas Adams and Lewis Mumford regarding the
value of that plan and the meaning of metropolitan planning. |
| 1932 |
|
In The Disappearing City, Frank Lloyd Wright elevates America's penchant for urban sprawl into a design principal. He calls it Broadacre City. |
| 1934 |
|
"Final Report" by the
National Planning Board on its first year of existence. Includes a section
entitled "A Plan for Planning" and an account of the "Historical
Development of Planning in the United States." The latter views American
planning history in the context of U.S. political and economic history. |
| 1935 |
|
Publication date of Regional
Factors in National Planning by the National Resources Committee, a
landmark in regional planning literature. |
| 1937 |
|
Our Cities: Their Role in the
National Economy. A landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the
National Resources Committee. (Ladislas Segoe headed research staff.) |
| 1939 |
|
Homer Hoyt's influential "sector
theory" of urban structure appears in his monograph, The Structure
and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. |
| 1941 |
|
Local Planning Administration,
by Ladislas Segoe, first of "Green Book" series, appears. |
| 1941 |
|
Robert Walker's Planning Function
in Urban Government advocates making the planning staff an arm of
the city government rather than of a citizens planning board or commission. |
| 1947 |
|
Land Use in Central Boston, a classic
treatise by Walter Firey, challenges the claim of the regnant economic "highest
and best use" doctrine to be a sufficient explanation of the arrangement
of urban land uses. |
| 1947 |
|
Communitas, a classic text by Paul
and Percival Goodman, explores three community paradigms and their possible
expressions in phyical-spatial forms. |
| 1954 |
|
Urban Traffic: A Function of Land
Use, by Robert B. Mitchell and Chester Rapkin is published, a groundbreaking
inquiry into the forces that account for the land use structure of the
modern metropolitan region. |
| 1957 |
|
Standard Industrial Classification,
encompassing both manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries, is published
by the Bureau of the Budget. |
| 1957 |
|
F. Stuart Chapin, Jr. publishes Urban
Land Use Planning, the first textbook on the subject. |
| 1959 |
|
"A Multiple Land Use Classification
System" by Albert Guttenberg in the Journal of the American Institute
of Planners expands the land use concept by defining and classifying
it multi-dimensionally. |
| 1960 |
|
The Philadelphia Comprehensive Plan is published. It proposes a hierarchy of roads, centers, and other community facilities ascending from the neighborhood to the metropolitan level. |
| 1960 |
|
Image of the City by Kevin
Lynch defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths,
edges, nodes, etc.). |
| 1961 |
|
The Death and Life of Great American
Cities, by Jane
Jacobs, includes a critique of planning and planners. |
| 1961 |
|
Richard Hedman and Fred Bair publish
And
On the Eighth Day, a hilarious book of cartoons poking fun at the
planning profession by two of our own. |
| 1961 |
|
The Nation's Capital: A Plan for the Year 2000 is published. The metropolitan form it proposes is sectoral and directional: alternate corridors of growth and conservation. |
| 1962 |
|
"A Choice Theory of Planning",
seminal article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner,
lays basis for advocacy planning concept. |
| 1962 |
|
Rachel Carson's book, Silent
Spring is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects
of pesticides on animal, plant and human life. |
| 1962 |
|
The City in History by Lewis
Mumford, social critic and professional planner, wins the National Book
Award. |
| 1963 |
|
In an influential article in the Journal
of the American Institute of Planners, "Comprehensive Planning
and Social Responsibility," Melvin Webber calls for the profession
to widen its scope beyond the traditional base in land-use planning,
embrace more directly the social goals of freedom and opportunity in
a pluralistic society, and make greater use of the perspectives of the
social sciences. |
| 1964 |
|
T.J. Kent publishes The Urban
General Plan. |
| 1964 |
|
The Federal Bulldozer by
Martin Anderson indicts then-current urban renewal program as counterproductive
to its professed aims of increased low- and middle-income housing supply.
With Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), a study of the consequences
for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community, contributes
to a change in urban policy. |
| 1964 |
|
A Model of Metropolis by Ira Lowry,
one of the earliest and the most influential of urban development models,
is published by Rand Corporation. |
| 1965 |
|
John Reps publishes The Making
of Urban America, the first comprehensive history of American urban
planning beginning with colonial times. |
| 1967 |
|
In Design of Cities, Edmund Bacon explains his philosophy of design, derived in part from his study of great urban design achievements of the past, and shows how it applies to the revived design of mid-twentieth century Central City Philadelphia. |
| 1969 |
|
Ian McHarg publishes Design with
Nature, tying planning to the natural environment. |
| 1969 |
|
Mel Scott publishes American
City Planning Since 1890. Reissued in 1995 by the American Planning
Association. |
| 1970 |
|
The Uses of Disorder by historian and social critic Richard Sennett advocates the lifting of all current codes, statutes, ordinances, and other legal constraints as a means of arriving at a more just and viable municipal physical and social urban form. |
| 1971 |
|
Learning from Las Vegas, the product of a study by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott-Brown, and Steven Izenour, finds aesthetic order and value in America's commercial strips. |
| 1975 |
|
Cleveland Policy Plan Report shifts
emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning. |
| 1977 |
|
Postmodernism is widely popularized by the publication of Charles Jencks's book The Language of Postmodern Architecture. |
| 1979 |
|
Cities of the American West by professional
planner John Reps wins the National Book Award. |
| 1981 |
|
ACSP issues Volume 1, Number 1 of The Journal
of Education and Planning Research. |
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