| 1960 |
|
The Philadelphia Comprehensive Plan is published. It proposes a hierarchy of roads, centers, and other community facilities ascending from the neighborhood to the metropolitan level. Landmark
Publication Urban Design |
| 1960 |
|
Image of the City
by Kevin Lynch defines basic elements of city's "imageability"
(paths, edges, nodes, etc.). The book represents a new and growing emphasis by the design professions on the way city dwellers perceive and use their urban environment. Landmark
Publication Urban Design |
| 1961 |
|
The Nation's Capital: A Plan for the Year 2000 is published. The metropolitan form it proposes is sectoral and directional: alternate corridors of growth and conservation. Landmark Publication Urban Design |
| 1961 |
|
In The Death and Life of Great American
Cities, Jane
Jacobs critiques Ebenezer Howard's Garden City concept and the modernist Radiant City ("towers-in-a-park) idea of Le Corbusier. She takes them to task for confusing urban design with suburban design. Landmark
Publication History
of Planning Profession Urban Design |
| 1961 |
|
Richard Hedman and Fred Bair publish
And
On the Eighth Day, a hilarious book of cartoons poking fun at the
planning profession by two of our own. History
of Planning Profession |
| 1961 |
|
Hawaii
becomes first state to institute statewide zoning. Landmark Laws |
| 1961 |
|
A Delaware River Basin Commission
representing the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania is created
to foster joint management of the river's water resources. Regional Planning |
| 1962 |
|
The urban growth simulation model
emerges in the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study. Regional Planning |
| 1962 |
|
"A Choice Theory of Planning,"
seminal article in AIP Journal by Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner,
lays basis for advocacy planning concept. Landmark
Publication |
| 1962 |
|
Rachel Carson's book, Silent
Spring is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects
of pesticides on animal, plant and human life. Landmark Publication
Conservation & Environment |
| 1962 |
|
The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes
Virginia's first residential planned community zone, clearing the way for
the creation of Reston, a full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles
from Washington, D.C. Planned Communities |
| 1962 |
|
The City in History by Lewis
Mumford, social critic and professional planner, wins the National Book
Award. Landmark Publication History
of Planning Profession |
| 1963 |
|
Columbia,
Maryland, a new town situated about halfway between Washington and Baltimore,
featuring some class integration and the neighborhood principle. Planned Communities |
| 1963 |
|
In an influential article in the Journal
of the American Institute of Planners, "Comprehensive Planning
and Social Responsibility," Melvin Webber calls for the profession
to widen its scope beyond the traditional base in land-use planning,
embrace more directly the social goals of freedom and opportunity in
a pluralistic society, and make greater use of the perspectives of the
social sciences. Landmark Publication History
of Planning Profession |
| 1964 |
|
T.J. Kent publishes The Urban
General Plan. Landmark Publication History
of Planning Profession |
| 1964 |
|
Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination
based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation.
Landmark Laws |
| 1964 |
|
The Federal Bulldozer by
Martin Anderson indicts then-current urban renewal program as counterproductive
to its professed aims of increased low- and middle-income housing supply.
With Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), a study of the consequences
for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community, contributes
to a change in urban policy. Landmark Publication
Housing |
| 1964 |
|
President Lyndon Johnson signs into law
a Wilderness Act establishing a
National Wilderness Preservation System "to be composed of federally
owned
areas designated by Congress as 'wilderness areas.'" Their pristine
character is to be maintained by prohibiting development, settlement,
road-building and all forms of mechanized transport within the boundaries
of
such areas. Landmark
Laws Conservation & Environment |
| 1964 |
|
In a commencement speech at the
University of Michigan, President Lyndon Johnson declares war on poverty
and urges congressional authorization of many remedial programs, plus the
establishment of a cabinet-level Department of Housing and Community Development.
Economic Development |
| 1964 |
|
A Model of Metropolis by Ira
Lowry, one of the earliest and the most influential of urban development
models, is published by Rand Corporation. Landmark Publication Regional Planning |
| 1965 |
|
A White House Conference on Natural
Beauty in America is convened on May 24 and 25, owing much to the interest
and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson. Conservation
& Environment |
| 1965 |
|
Housing and urban policy achieve
cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by
the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Robert
Weaver becomes HUD's first Secretary and nation's first African-American
cabinet member. Housing
Landmark Laws |
| 1965 |
|
Congress passes the Water Resources
Management Act authorizing Federal-Multistate river basin commissions. Landmark Laws Regional Planning |
| 1965 |
|
The Public Work and Economic Development
Act passes Congress. This act establishes the Economic Development Administration
to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their
redevelopment Economic Development
Landmark Laws Regional Planning |
| 1965 |
|
The Appalachian Regional Planning
Act establishes a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12
other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and
allocate resources. Economic
Development Landmark Laws Regional Planning |
| 1965 |
|
John Reps publishes The Making
of Urban America, the first comprehensive history of American urban
planning beginning with colonial times. Landmark Publication |
| 1966 |
|
The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan
Development Act launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary
attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's
"Great Society" program. Housing Landmark Laws |
| 1966 |
|
With Heritage So Rich,
a seminal historic preservation book, is published. Conservation
& Environment Landmark Publication |
| 1966 |
|
National Historic Preservation Act
passed. Establishes the National Register of Historic Places and provides,
through its Section 106, for the protection of preservation-worthy sites
and properties threatened by federal activities. This act also creates the
national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each
state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). Conservation
& Environment Landmark Laws |
| 1966 |
|
Section 4(f) of the Department of
Transportation Act provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and
other preservation-worthy resources in building national roads. Unlike parkland
and wildlife refuges, however, privately owned historic sites as well as
those in public ownership are protected by Section 4(f). Conservation
& Environment Landmark Laws |
| 1967 |
|
In Design of Cities, Edmund Bacon explains his philosophy of design, derived in part from his study of great urban design achievements of the past, and shows how it applies to the revived design of mid-twentieth century Central City Philadelphia. Landmark Publication Urban Design |
| 1967 |
|
The planning profession reaches its 50th anniversary
with a celebratory conference in Washington, D.C. Many of the earliest
practitioners and founders of the profession attend together with eminent
leaders of other professions. History
of Planning Profession |
| 1967 |
|
The "(Louis B.) Wetmore Amendment"
drops the final phrase in the 1938 AIP declaration of purpose which tied
it to the comprehensive arrangement and regulation of land use. The
effect is to broaden the scope and membership of the profession by including "social
planners" as well as "physical planners." History
of Planning Profession |
| 1968 |
|
To implement Intergovernmental Relations
Act of 1968 the Office of Management and Budget issues Circular A-95 requiring
state and substate regional clearinghouses to review and comment on federally
assisted projects to facilitate coordination among the three levels of government.
Landmark Laws Regional Planning |
| 1969 |
|
Ian McHarg publishes Design with
Nature, tying planning to the natural environment. Landmark Publication Urban Design |
| 1969 |
|
National Environmental Policy Act
requires an "environmental impact statement" for every federal
or federally aided state or local major action that might significantly
harm the environment. Conservation & Environment
Landmark Laws |
| 1969 |
|
Mel Scott publishes American
City Planning Since 1890. Reissued in 1995 by the American Planning
Association. Landmark Publication
History of Planning Profession |
| 1969 |
|
Apollo 11 lands on the moon on July
20. Regional Planning |
| 1970 |
|
Arcosanti, an experiment in designing a whole, humane, and ecologically sound city in the form of a single structure, is begun by Italian architect Paolo Soleri, in the Arizona desert 70 miles north of metropolitan Phoenix. Urban Design |
| 1970 |
|
The Uses of Disorder by historian and social critic Richard Sennett advocates the lifting of all current codes, statutes, ordinances, and other legal constraints as a means of arriving at a more just and viable municipal physical and social urban form. Landmark Publication Urban Design |
| 1970 |
|
First "Earth Day," January
1. Conservation & Environment |
| 1970 |
|
Federal Environment Protection Agency
established to administer main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970). Conservation
& Environment Landmark Laws Regional
Planning |
| 1970 |
|
The Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional
Planning Commission Housing Plan is adopted, the first such plan in the
nation to allocate low- and moderate-income housing on a "fair share"
basis. Housing Regional Planning |
| 1971 |
|
Learning from Las Vegas, the product of a study by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott-Brown, and Steven Izenour, finds aesthetic order and value in America's commercial strips. Landmark Publication Urban Design |
| 1971 |
|
AIP adopts a Code of Ethics for
professional planners. History
of Planning Profession |
| 1972 |
|
The
Coastal Zone Management Act creates
a voluntary National Coastal Management Program in which participating
states undertake to develop coastal management programs meeting minimal
federal standards.
Conservation
& Environment
Regional Planning Landmark Laws |
| 1972 |
|
The Clean Water Act is passed to keep
pollutants from point sources out of navigable waters. Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws |
| 1972 |
|
General revenue sharing inaugurated
under the U.S. State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act. Landmark Laws |
| 1972 |
|
In Golden v. Planning Board of
Ramapo, New York high court allows the use of performance criteria as
a means of slowing community growth. Landmark
Laws |
| 1972 |
|
Demolition of St. Louis's notorious
Pruitt-Igoe Project symbolizes a nationwide move away from massive, isolating,
high-rise structures to a more humane form of public housing architecture:
low-rise, less isolated, dispersed. Housing |
| 1972 |
|
The Earth Resources Technology Satellite
("Landsat") is launched the first of several satellites for acquiring
high resolution images of the earth's surface, and a major advance in the
efforts to identify, evaluate, develop, and conserve the planet's natural
resources. Economic
Development Conservation & Environment Regional
Planning |
| 1973 |
|
Endangered Species Act. Authorized
Federal assistance to state and local jurisdictions to establish conservation
programs for endangers plant and animal species. Conservation
& Environment Landmark Laws |
| 1974 |
|
The Housing and Community
Development Act reshapes housing policy by replacing the customary categorical
grant with the block grant as the principal form of federal aid for local
community development, and by creating a rental assistance program for
low- and middle-income families. Housing Landmark
Laws |
| 1975 |
|
Cleveland Policy Plan Report shifts
emphasis from traditional land-use planning to advocacy planning. Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession |
| 1976 |
|
Faneuil Hall in Boston, an early festival marketplace on the site of the old Quincy Market stimulates like projects in many of the nations obsolete central business districts. Urban Design |
| 1976 |
|
Water Tower Place opens on Michigan Avenue in Chicago. It is the nation's first vertical mall. Urban Design |
| 1976 |
|
Historic Preservation Fund established.
Conservation & Environment |
| 1977 |
|
Postmodernism is widely popularized by the publication of Charles Jencks's book The Language of Postmodern Architecture. Landmark Publication Urban Design |
| 1977 |
|
First exam for AIP membership conducted.
History of Planning Profession |
| 1978 |
|
Penn Central Transportation
Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978): U.S. Supreme Court upholds
New York City's Landmark Preservation Law as applied to Grand Central Terminal.
In this landmark decision, the Court found that barring some development
of air rights was not a taking when the interior of the property could be
put to lucrative use. Landmark Laws |
| 1978 |
|
American Institute of Planners (AIP)
and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) merge to become American
Planning Association (APA). History
of Planning Profession |
| 1978 |
|
The Urban Park and Recreation Recovery
Act is passed by Congress, authorizing $725 million for matching grants
to rehabilitate parks and other recreational facilities in impoverished
local communities. Conservation & Environment Landmark Laws |
| 1979 |
|
Cities of the American West by
professional planner John Reps wins the National Book Award. Landmark Publication History of Planning Profession |
| 1980 |
|
"Reagan Revolution" begins.
Planning profession challenged to adapt to a new (counter-New Deal) policy
environment: reduced federal domestic spending, privatization, deregulation,
etc. Phase-out of some earlier aids to planning (e.g., sewer grants) and
planning programs (e.g., "Title V Regions"). |
| 1980 |
|
Superfund Bill passed by Congress
(Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Liability Act). Creates liability
for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment. Taxes polluting
industries to establish a trust fund for the cleanup of polluted sites in
cases where individual responsibility is not ascertainable. Conservation & Environment
Landmark Laws |
| 1980 |
|
The Associated Collegiate Schools of Planning
(ACSP) is established to represent the academic branch of the planning profession.
History of Planning Profession |
| 1981 |
|
ACSP issues Volume 1, Number 1 of The Journal
of Education and Planning Research. Landmark Publication History
of Planning Profession |
| 1982 |
|
The Portland (Oregon) Public Services Building (Michael Graves) is completed. It is considered by some to be the first postmodern building. Postmodernism is defined, among other characteristics, by its difference from modernism: it is eclectic rather than monolithic, ironic rather than idealistic, ornamental rather than functional. Urban Design |
| 1983 |
|
In a case focusing on Mt. Laurel,
New Jersey, the New Jersey Supreme Court rules that all 567 municipalities
in the state must build their "fair share" of affordable housing.
A precedent-setting blow against racial segregation. Landmark
Laws Housing
Regional Planning |
| 1984 |
|
Construction begins on Seaside,
Florida, one of the earliest examples of the New Urbanism. (Andres
Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk). Unlike most earlier planned communities,
the New Urbanism emphasizes urban features — compactness, walkability,
mixed use — and promotes a nostalgic architectural style reminiscent
of the traditional urban neighborhood. The movement has links to the
anti-sprawl, smart growth movement. Planned Communities |
| 1986 |
|
The First National Conference on
American Planning History is convened in Columbus, Ohio and leads to the
founding of the Society 0f American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH)
the following year. History
of Planning Profession |
| 1987 |
|
In First English Evangelical
Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles, U.S. Supreme Court finds that
even a temporary taking requires compensation. In Nollan v. California
Coastal Commission, it finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid,
must be tied directly to a specific public purpose. Landmark Laws |
| 1989 |
|
The Planning Accreditation Board
(PAB) is recognized by the Washington-based Council on Post Secondary Education
to be the sole accrediting agency in the field of professional planning
education. History of Planning
Profession |
| 1991 |
|
Passage of Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act (ISTEA) includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways
Program and for transportation enhancements, each of which includes a historic
preservation component. Conservation
& Environment
Landmark Laws |
| 1992 |
|
In Lucas
v. South Carolina Coastal Council, the U.S. Supreme Court limits
local and state governments' ability to restrict private property without
compensation. Landmark Laws |
| 1993 |
|
Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community
(EZ/EC) proposal signed into law. Aims tax incentives, wage tax credits,
special deductions, and low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished
urban and rural communities to jumpstart their economic and social recovery.
Economic Development |
| 1994 |
|
In Dolan
v. City of Tigard, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction
must show that there is a "rough proportionality" between
the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions
it wishes to impose on the developer. Landmark Laws |
| 1994 |
|
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) among U.S., Canada and Mexico begins on January 1, its purpose to
foster trade and investment among the three nations by removing or lowering
non-tariff as well as tariff barriers. Economic
Development Landmark Laws Regional Planning |
| 1999 |
|
American Institute of Certified
Planners inaugurates a College of Fellows to recognize distinguished individual
contributions by longer term AICP members. History
of Planning Profession |
| 2000 |
|
President Clinton Creates eight
new national monuments in five western states: Canyons of the Ancients
(Colorado); Cascade-Siskiyou (Oregon); Hanford Reach (Washington); Ironwood
Forest, Grand Canyon-Parashant, Agua Fria (Arizona); Grand Sequoia, California
Coastal (California). He also expanded one existing national monument
in California (Pinnacles). Conservation & Environment |
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